The national vision by politicians, economists, industrialists and environmentalists to transition to hydrogen economy by 2030 seems deadlocked, with hydrogen fuel cells projected to represent a $3 billion market of about 5.9 GW by 2030, according to Lux Research, Figure 1.(1)
The dream of fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen from zero-carbon sources such as renewable power or nuclear energy comes from estimates that the cost of avoided carbon dioxide would be more than $600 a metric ton - ten times higher than most other technologies under investigation.
Yet today, there are only two fuel-cell vehicles (FCEV) available in the U.S. market - Honda's FCX Clarity, which is available to lease, and the Mercedes-Benz F-Cell.
Figure 1
Fuel Cell Market: 2012 - 2030
Fuel cells combine the best of electric and gasoline cars without the downsides, the automakers say. They drive like electric cars-quietly, with tons of off-the-line power-but can be refuelled just like gasoline-powered cars, writes Jerry Hirsch for the Los Angeles Times.(2)
In another article for the Los Angeles Times, Jerry Hirsh points out:(3)
"….. As they (fuel cells) move into production, fuel cell cars should gain a price advantage over vehicles that run on battery power."
"…..lesser weight and higher energy density of fuel cells also enable them to be used in a wider range of vehicles, from a family sedan to full-size trucks to city buses."
BEVs have a number of significant issues. Unless you are willing to shell-out for Tesla's Model S, range is still a significant issue. And even if you do opt for the Model S, the battery can take 20 minutes just to reach 50% charge, compared to a few minutes' refuelling for ICE cars, states Katie Spence for The Motley Fool.(4)
Robert Duffer for the Chicago Tribune states, Fuel cell cars use a stack of cells that combine hydrogen with oxygen in the air to generate electricity, which powers the motor that propels the car. The only emission is water vapor and, with a 300-mile range can run 3 or 4 times longer than the most capable electrics, aside from Tesla's all-electric Model S, which has a range of 265 miles. The Nissan Leaf has a 75-mile range.(5)
Unfortunately, the push to develop a hydrogen economy in the U.S.; sparked by the Matsunaga Hydrogen Research, Development, and Development Act of 1990; never gained sufficient traction and political support to overcome major barriers to market entry such as high capital costs and lack of an infrastructure. Capitol Hill's indifference to FCEVs is underscored by The Department of Energy (DoE) hydrogen and fuel cells budget history from 1990 to 2011, Figure 2.(6)
Figure 2
DoE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Budget History: 1990 - 2011
Source: U.S. Department of Energy
Including years 2012 - 2014, the total 25-year DoE budget for hydrogen and fuels research, development, demonstrations and deployment (RDD&D) was about $2.8 billion, an average annual allocation of $112 million. To put this into perspective, the 2014 budget for hydrogen RDD&D of $100 million, i.e., 0.35 percent of the total DoE budget request of $28.4 billion. This falls short of other renewable technologies such as solar, bioenergy and wind technologies, which received allocations of $365 million (1.25 percent), $282 million (0.99 percent) and $144 million (0.51 percent) for FY 2014, respectively.
The DoE budget for FY 2014 includes an allocation of $575 million for Vehicle Technology Programs. However, fuel cell R&D is not directly included the funding profile for these programs. The main emphasis of Vehicle Technologies is battery/energy storage R&D and vehicle technologies deployment.
The large increase in expenditures between 2002 and 2011 reflect President Bush's announcement of a major hydrogen initiative in his 2003 State of the Union address:
"Tonight I am proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles. A simple chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen generates energy, which can be used to power a car producing only water, not exhaust fumes. With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free."
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Though marginalized throughout its decades' long history, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles may not be entirely dead on arrival. Today, the media brings a steady stream of discussions, publications and announcements about activity in FCEVs. There are just two fuel-cell vehicles available in the U.S. market: Honda's FCX Clarity, which is available to lease, and the Mercedes-Benz F-Cell, Figure 3. The most recent reverberations come from automakers, such as Toyota, Hyundai, and Honda, testing and planned production of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles for 2015, Figure 4.
Figure 3
2013 Mercedes-Benz F-Cell
Figure 4
Fuel Cell Vehicles: A Look Inside
The Tucson Fuel Cell offers, Figure 5 (7):
• Customers in the Los Angeles/Orange County region a rental price $499 per month for a 36-month term, with $2,999 down. This includes unlimited free hydrogen refuelling.
• Driving range up to an estimated 300 miles;
• Capable of full refueling in less than 10 minutes, similar to gasoline;
• Minimal reduction in daily utility compared with its gasoline counterpart;
• Instantaneous electric motor torque (221 lb-ft);
• Minimal cold-weather effects compared with battery electric vehicles;
• Reliability and long-term durability;
• No moving parts within the power-generating fuel cell stack;
• More than two million durability test miles on Hyundai's fuel cell fleet since 2000; and
• Extensive crash, fire and leak testing successfully completed.
Figure 5
Hyundai aims to produce 1,000 Tuscon fuel-cell electric vehicles by 2015
Additionally, Daimler AG, Ford Motor Company and Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. recently announced a cooperative agreement to accelerate the commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicle technology, Figure 6.
Figure 6
Nissan's Next Generation Fuel Cell Stack released in 2011
Even with insufficient support from the federal government, lack of a hydrogen infrastructure, and cost uncertainties, FCEVs are poking their head above the radar. In general, automakers see FCEVs as the most judicious path to satisfy stringent zero-emission vehicle mandates set by California and nine other states. California's zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate requires 15 percent of all new cars sold be emission free by 2025. The ten-state alliance wants about 3.3 million ZEVs on the road by 2025.
Without question, the most important barrier to larger?scale implementation of low carbon technologies comes down to one factor: the cost of the technology. Fuel cell costs continue to decline significantly for light duty vehicles, with projected volume costs lower by more than 80 percent since 2002 and more than 35 percent since 2008, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Figure 7.(8) The cost per kilowatt (kW) for high volume production of transportation fuel cells moved closer to DOE's target of $30 per kW where they will be cost?competitive in light?duty vehicles.
Figure 7
Projected Fuel Cell Transportation System Costs per kW, Assuming High Volume Production (500,000 units per year)
Source: U.S. Department of Energy
In terms of fuel cost, "REB Research, makes hydrogen generators that produce 75 slpm of ultra-pure hydrogen by steam reforming methanol-water in a membrane reactor. A generator of this type produces 9.5 kg of hydrogen per day, consuming 69 gal of methanol-water. At 80¢/gal for methanol-water, and 10¢/kWh for electricity, the hydrogen costs $2.50/kg., or $5,000 over a 120,000 mile life. This is somewhat cheaper than gasoline, but about twice the dollar per mile cost of a Tesla S if only electric cost is considered. The hydrogen car is much cheaper on a per-mile basis, though when you include the fact that the battery has only a 120,000-mile life. A 120,000 mile life is short for a luxury car, and very short for a truck or bus."(9)
The DoE Fuel Cell Technology Office released a 74-page report titled "2012 Fuel Cell Technologies Market Report."(10) The report concludes: "the trends for the fuel cell industry were encouraging in 2012. Total fuel cell shipments increased in 2012, in terms of total units and megawatts (MW). Other notable events highlighted include:
"Total fuel cell shipments in 2012 increased 34 percent over 2011 and 321 percent over 2008."
"Roughly 30,000 fuel cell systems were shipped in 2012, up from around 5,000 shipments in 2008, largely due to Japan's residential fuel cell program," Figure 8.
"The number of megawatts shipped on an annual basis more than doubled between 2008 and 2012, rising from about 60 MW to more than 120 MW."
"The projected cost of a transportation fuel cell system was at $47 per kW in 2012 and continues to approach DOE's target of $30 per kW."
"Fuel cell costs continue to decline significantly for light duty vehicles, with projected volume costs lower by more than 80 percent since 2002 and more than 35 percent since 2008."
"The Obama Administration implemented new incentives for fuel cell and other advanced technology vehicles when it raised the fuel economy standard in the U.S. to 54.5 mpg for cars and light-duty trucks."
"Cumulative global investment in fuel cell companies totalled $853.6 million between 2010 and 2012. This is a significant increase over the $671.4 million invested in fuel cell companies between 2009 and 2011."
Figure 8
Fuel Cell Systems Shipped by Application, World Markets: 2008-2012
Source: Navigant Research
Another major challenge for FCEVs is a nascent infrastructure to produce, distribute, store, deliver and maintain hydrogen fuel. Today there are only ten public hydrogen-fuelling stations in the United States, according to the DoE. California is spending as much as $20 million a year to help bring the number of fuelling stations up to 100 within the next five years or so. There should be 28 hydrogen stations spread across California's metropolitan areas by 2015, when all three of these hydrogen models will be for sale.
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One remaining question is the reliability, power quality, endurance and longevity of mobile fuel cells. Although fuel cells provide electricity at high efficiencies with exceptional environmental sensitivity, their long-term performance and reliability under real-world conditions remains largely unanswered.
However, according to Fuel Cells 2000, "The material handling sector has provided the fuel cell industry with an early market and technology indicator in the U.S., with deployments and orders for forklifts and lift trucks inching closer to 5,000. This includes many big name companies with multiple repeat orders, such as BMW, Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Kroger and Lowe's," Figure 9. The report further states that fuel cells were found to last longer than batteries, and operated in freezing temperatures as low as -20° F (-29° C)."(11)
Figure 9
Fuel Cell-Powered Material Handling Vehicle
Source: Fuel Cells 2000
Fuel Cells 2000 reports, fuel cells last longer than batteries, and also operate in freezing temperatures, which led Walmart, a company that had already tested and deployed several hundred fuel cell forklifts at facilities in Ohio and Ontario, Canada, to choose fuel cell lift trucks for its sustainable refrigerated distribution center in Alberta, Canada. The fuel cell-powered vehicles operate in conditions as low as -20° F (-29° C).
In closing, substantial reduction of fossil fuels from all sectors of the economy by renewable energy and zero-emission vehicles is the Holy Grail of modern society. Zero-emissions vehicles come in two flavors BEV and FCEV. BEVs longer sales history and wider public-private support give them an apparent competitive advantage over FCEVs. After many decades of false hopes, FCEVs market introduction may be a Hail Mary play by automakers to achieve stringent emission standards. To succeed, FCEVs must address BEVs performance and endurance limitations. High production costs and a relatively non-existent hydrogen-fuelling infrastructure may prolong the agony of success or failure. Until automakers sell FCEV in volume, they are expected to cost more than comparable gasoline-powered and electric vehicles, not including the premium priced Tesla BEV, which is reported by Forbes to have outsold the nearest competitor by more than 30%.(12). Public-private investments in building a hydrogen-refuelling infrastructure are essential for FCEVs long-term success. In the final analysis, BEVs are an inadequate technology push indifferent to consumer needs and driving patterns. As a technology solution, FCEVs are arising from the dead because the industry believes further Lithium-ion battery advances will not substantially improve the range and performance impediments of electric cars. Will FCEVs and BEVs prosecute a war of attrition? My money is on FCEVs.
By Barry Stevens
Dr. Barry Stevens has over 25 years of proven international experience building technology-driven enterprises and bringing superior products and services to market ahead of the… More
Comments
1) FCEVs are inferior to BEVs in almost every single way with the exception of charging speed. Though EVs counter that advantage with convenience of charging at home, while you sleep and also speeding up charging via fast dc chargers that charge faster and faster. Every year their charging advantage shrinks.
2) BEVs already have 90% of their infrastructure in place, it is called the grid. All you now need is terminals. And building them are cheap. In comparison, an FEV infrastructure would cost trillions and nobody is ponying up any significant money to build it. Only money there is is for 100 stations by 2022, and onyl enough funding to fund a portion of it.
Come 2016/2017, Tesla will release their 35k Model E with planned charge to full in 10 minutes. How will FCEVs compete when they won't even be on the market(with exception of limited amount leased) or have any infrastructure?
I think fuel cells have a bright future in other fields, just not automotive.
Article didn't touch problems with storing and producing hydrogen which mainly aren't either too efficient nor green. As hydrogen generation via electrolysis isn't very efficient. I've heard of efficiencies around 40-60% depending on fancyness of technology used. And producing hydrogen from methane is pretty fossile and Carbon content of methane is realeased to atmosphere.
Adding Fuel cell inefficiencies it makes ordinary internal combustion engines about the same over all eficient, minus fancy technology.
Storing hydrogen adds to inefficiency as hydrogen must be compressed to very high pressures, which wastes some 5-10 of the compressed hydrogen energy content.
It is much more simple and efficient to use electricity directly and store it in batteries. Much less energy is wasted. And thus it is cheaper. Also much of fancy hydrogen infrastructure not needed to build. Which is going to be expensive, as hydrogen has some nasty properties. Like making metals fragile at high pressures by penetrating metal lattice structures.
"New fuel cell sewage gas station in Orange County, CA may be world's first"
http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/local/orange_county&id=8310315
"It is here today and it is deployable today," said Tom Mutchler of Air Products and Chemicals Inc., a sponsor and developer of the project.
2.8MW fuel cell using biogas now operating; Largest PPA of its kind in North America
http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2012/october/28-mw-fuel-cell-using-biogas-now-operating-largest-ppa-of-its-kind-in-north-america
Microsoft Backs Away From Grid
http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2012/11/20/microsoft-backs-away-slowly-from-the-grid/
Germans are in favour of fuel cell cars
http://www.platinum.matthey.com/news-and-events/news-articles/2013/march/21st/germans-are-in-favour-of-fuel-cell-cars
Every energy technology has its place and use. Hydrogen energy storage appears to be one with the least long term negative impact on our overpopulated earth. Lets think longer term and support hydrogen technology as legacy we leave for our children and beyond.
How, exactly, would a car that emits water vapor help the climate change issue?
Natural Gas Fuel cells (hydrogen fuel cell + natural gas to hydrogen reformer) is already an economical technology for applications that have fair price natural gas and would otherwise required dual generators for backup power. The solution is solar panels + natural gas fuel cells for normal power and the grid become one of the backups + surplus electricity is sold to the grid during daytime (keep fuel cells running even when solar panels are humming at 100% capacity). Another builtin backup in the system is one or two large natural gas tanks, such a system has three power sources daytime (solar+fuel cells+grid) and two power sources nighttime (fuel cells+grid).
But this is all great until you consider the simple fact that a natural gas fuel cell is just about as efficient as a large base load combined cycle natural gas power station.
Plus we're still burning natural gas.
Back to cars. My money is hands down on BEV. You are assuming we'll be stuck with li-ion chemistries forever. From now until 2025 li-ion cost should drop by 50%. The only improvement that will depend on newer chemistries is power density. But li-ion battery pack weight is already acceptable for cars. Tesla is pushing on its battery pack size, but it works.
I'm still unconvinced in an economical source of hydrogen except for natural gas reforming and high temperature nuclear fission.