Qatar could not have a better start to 2021, first scoring a major political goal by restoring diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia and ending its almost 4-year long embargo. Following a political breakthrough came an unexpected revenue bonanza which saw Doha happily riding the waves of spiking LNG prices in Asia. The combination of both developments – Qatar casting away its pariah state and probably playing a more nuanced role as it finds itself between Saudi Arabia, Iran and the still-skeptical UAE, as well as its low-cost LNG production becoming a staple diet of North East Asian LNG demand has elevated the Middle Eastern state into worldwide limelight. All this, however, also means that the manifold connections Qatar has been trying to build with Europe may start to languor.
Graph 1. Qatari LNG Exports to Europe and Asia in 2017-2021 (million tons LNG per month).
Source: Thomson Reuters.
The January 2021 LNG spike in Asia was a combination of 3 key factors – low temperatures, low spot cargo availability and persisting COVID-19 ramifications. All three were vastly intertwined, low temperatures by themselves need not cause a market distortion if there is ample LNG production on the market. This wasn’t the case mid-January as long-term Brent-pegged (usually around 11-12% of the Brent price in MMbtu equivalent) LNG deliveries were supplied as usual, however spot cargoes were very few and those who missed out on them risked missing out altogether. Qatar’s competitors, due to their geographic location and previously concluded commercial commitments, could not reorient such volumes towards Asia.
The fact that Asia needed LNG urgently and needed a lot of it not to conglaciated is further attested by the fact that January 2021 LNG arrivals have reached an all-time high of 28 million tons LNG. A whopping 23% of this came from Qatar and only 6% and 5%, respectively, from the United States and the Russian Federation. The oil-linked nature of Qatar’s LNG exports has for once turned out to be beneficial for the buyers at large, being naturally capped to the price of the global benchmark they could only increase as high as crude did. Luckily for Asian buyers nominating term volumes from Qatar in December-January 2021, crude was largely stagnant amidst surging Asian LNG prices. For Qatargas this was an impressive tour de force after all the travails with Ras Laffan liquefaction trains necessitating unplanned maintenance. Related: Oil Prices Continue To Rise As Bullish News Mounts
Simultaneously to Qatar deluging the Asian market with its LNG cargoes, its supplies to Europe have plummeted by an unprecedented measure. After a gradual ramp-up of exported volumes, Qatar’s monthly LNG exports have averaged 1.9-1.95 million LNG tons per month in 2019 and for most of 2020. Qatar’s interest in having a safe outlet in Europe was genuine and seemed to portend further growth. In 2020, Qatargas has signed two important infrastructure deals with UK’s Isle of Grain LNG and France’s Montoir-de-Bretagne LNG terminals, in both cases booking their capacities for a period of 35 and 25 years, respectively.
Add to this Qatar’s 2019 storage and liquefaction agreement with Belgium’s Zeebrugge LNG terminal and one can see a fairly thorough plan on increasing LNG volumes going into Europe and staving off potential rivals. Fast-forward to January 2021 and Qatari LNG supplies to Europe, despite the Old Continent having a rather conventional (i.e. not unprecedently mild) winter season, plummet 0.54 million tons LNG. The January 2021 result is not a one-off result, December 2020 exports to Europe are only marginally higher at 0.65 million tons LNG, i.e. throughout the winter of 2020/2021 Qatari supplies to Europe have fallen to a third of their former self. Concurrently to Qatar fortifying its hold with some Atlantic Basin terminals, its spot deliveries to European buyers have suffered dreadfully, especially in H2 2020.
Interestingly, the highest Qatari LNG exports to Europe have ever gotten was in April 2020 when a total of 2.79 million tons LNG was loaded at Ras Laffan. It was roughly at that time when it had to decide which markets would it prefer to safeguard and, for obvious reasons, it chose to fight for those that yielded the highest profits. This meant exporting less to spot-heavy economies like Spain and focus on the triad of Belgium, Italy and the United Kingdom, gradually complemented by France. Reorienting its market reach on Atlantic consumers turned out to be a prudent assumption for Qatar – most of Russia’s oil-linked long-term pipeline contracts have started to reflect Brent plummeting in the spring months of 2020 exactly at a time when the Asian price upswing started.
Graph 2. Yamal LNG Monthly Exports by Country of Destination in 2017-2021 (million tons LNG).
Source: Thomson Reuters.
ADVERTISEMENT
Such a tangible market shift would surely incline Qatar’s LNG peers and rivals to seek a similar strategy and try their luck with Northeast Asia. Upon closer perusal, however, it becomes evident that Qatar is quite unique in the extent of its Asian pivot. Russia’s Yamal LNG exports towards China usually climb up in the summer months when the Northern Sea Route is navigable, on the score of which its December-January exports have more than halved compared to the peak season of July-September. LNG exports from the United States do not face such encumbrances and thus could see a similar upswing as the Qatari ones – and they did, though the monthly peak in terms of departures was reached in November (3.12mt LNG), i.e. two months before the price surge. January 2021 LNG loadings en route to Asia dropped back to 1.82mt LNG.
By Viktor Katona for Oilprice.com
More Top Reads From Oilprice.com:
- BP Reports Massive Loss For 2020
- Will U.S. Shale Finally Reward Shareholders?
- This Year Will Define The Next Decade In The Energy Industry
The January 2021 LNG spike in Asia enabled Qatar to steal a march on rivals and reorient large volumes of its LNG towards Asia taking advantage of its geographical location and previously concluded commercial commitments.
Qatar is the world's leading exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG). It has a fully integrated LNG industry underpinned by the world’s third largest proven natural gas reserves after Russia and Iran and fully owned and paid for LNG plants and LNG shipping fleet. It is also the world’s largest and cheapest producer. Qatar’s economy is thus heavily focused on the gas industry, which represents two-thirds of its GDP and almost 80% of export earnings.
Moreover, Qatar’s economic and geopolitical position has been immensely strengthened by the lifting of the Saudi-led blockade against it.This means that soon Qatari LNG will be contributing to the diversification of the Saudi and UAE economies.
And while the pandemic has had an immense impact on most countries around the world, especially the oil rentier states in the Arab Gulf, Qatar was one of the few countries in the world to run a fiscal surplus in 2020.
Dr Mamdouh G Salameh
International Oil Economist
Visiting Professor of Energy Economics at ESCP Europe Business School, London