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Oil Prices Stable in Anticipation of Key OPEC+ Meeting

Oil Prices Stable in Anticipation of Key OPEC+ Meeting

Brent crude futures remained stable…

Red Sea Disruptions Force Saudi Aramco to Slash Prices

Red Sea Disruptions Force Saudi Aramco to Slash Prices

Asian refiners expected hefty cuts…

Arthur Berman

Arthur Berman

Arthur E. Berman is a petroleum geologist with 36 years of oil and gas industry experience. He is an expert on U.S. shale plays and…

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Why The Oil Price Collapse Is U.S. Shale’s Fault

The present oil price collapse is because of over-production of expensive tight oil. The collapse occurred because of the inability of the world market to support the cost of the new expensive oil supply from shale, oil sands and deep water. Demand was progressively destroyed during the longest period of sustained high oil prices in history from 2010 through 2014.

Since the early 2000s, the price of oil was largely insensitive to the fundamentals of supply and demand as long as prices were less than about $90 per barrel. The chart below shows world liquids supply minus demand (relative supply surplus or deficit), and WTI oil price.

WorldLiquidsSurplus

Figure 1. World liquids relative surplus or deficit (production minus consumption) and WTI crude oil price adjusted using the consumer price index (CPI) to real February 2015 U.S. dollars, 2003-2015. Source: EIA, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Labyrinth Consulting Services, Inc.

(click to enlarge image)

In mid-2004 and mid-2005, the relative supply surplus was much greater than it has been during the 2014-2015 price collapse yet prices continued to rise. When oil traders perceive supply limits and rising prices, price below some critical threshold is not an issue. They are willing to carry the cost of storage and interest to hold the commodity in the future when it will be more valuable. Related: Finally Some Good News For Oil Prices

In 2004, the relative supply surplus reached 1.9 million barrels per day and in 2005, it reached 4.1 million barrels per day. By contrast, the greatest supply surplus in the current oil price collapse was 1.7 million barrels per day in January 2015.

During periods of supply surplus in 2004 and 2005, prices were less than $75 per barrel. The average WTI oil price between November 2010 and October 2014 was $91 and for 18 months of that period, prices were more than $100 per barrel.

Oil prices have collapsed three times because of demand destruction: in 1979, 2008 and 2014. In all of these cases, oil prices exceeded $90 per barrel in real 2015 dollars for extended periods. The chart below shows WTI oil price* from 1970 to the present with periods when price exceeded $90 per barrel highlighted in red.

WTICrudeOilPrice

Figure 2. WTI crude oil price adjusted using the consumer price index (CPI) to real February 2015 U.S. dollars. Areas in red represent periods when oil prices exceeded $90 per barrel. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, EIA and Labyrinth Consulting Services, Inc.

(click to enlarge image)

Oil prices were more than $90 in 1979-1981 for 26 months; in 2008-2009, for 13 months; and in 2010-2014, for 33 months. 2010-2014 was the longest period of oil prices above $90 in history. There were other factors at work in all three of these high oil-price episodes and their subsequent periods of price collapse.

In 1979, the trigger for oil-price increase was the Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq war. More than 6 million barrels of oil were removed from world supply. Oil prices rose from $50 to $115 per barrel (in real 2015 dollars) between January 1979 and April 1981. Then, new production from the North Sea, Mexico, Alaska and Siberia flooded the market. By March 1986, prices had fallen to $27 per barrel. OPEC cut production by 14 million barrels per day but oil price was unaffected because of a combination of demand destruction, crippling interest rates, and new supply from non-OPEC countries. Prices did not begin to recover until 2001.

So far, the current oil-price collapse is nothing like this. Surplus production is about 1.0 to 1.5 million barrels per day, interest rates are near zero, and demand recovery appears strong from early data.

The oil-price collapse and Financial Crisis of 2008 were preceded by 11 consecutive months of relative supply deficit and price increase (Figure 1 above). This was largely because of a surge of consumption by China and low OPEC spare capacity. Oil prices approached $150 per barrel in June 2008, the highest price ever reached, and then collapsed below $40 by February 2009.

The record price of oil was an underlying cause of The Financial Crisis. It increased the cost of global trade, produced inflation and higher interest rates that contributed to real estate loan defaults, and caused demand destruction for oil and other commodities.

Weak demand for all commodities and loans remains a chronic artifact of the years since 2008 despite the best efforts of central banks to correct the problem.

Oil prices rebounded fairly quickly after 2008 because of a 4.2 million barrel per day production cut by OPEC in January 2009 (Figure 1). Another reason for increasing oil price was the devaluation of the U.S. dollar by the Federal Reserve Board by lowering interest rates and increasing the money supply. The chart below shows Federal Funds interest rates and the price of oil.

FederalFundsInterestRates

Figure 3. Federal funds interest rates and WTI oil price in 2015 dollars, January 2000 – January 2015. Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, EIA, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Labyrinth Consulting Services, Inc.

(click to enlarge image)

Oil prices rose with a weak U.S. dollar and interest rates near zero in 2009. Other factors, notably the Arab Spring uprisings in the Middle East, also contributed to the price increase.

As prices passed $80 per barrel in late 2009, tight oil production began in earnest. Low interest rates forced investors to look for yields better than they could find in U.S. Treasury bonds or conventional savings instruments. Money flowed to U.S. E&P companies through high-yield corporate (“junk”) bonds, loans, joint ventures and share offerings. Although risk was a concern, these were investments in the United States that were theoretically backed by hard assets of oil and gas in the ground. Related: Oil Rebound May Come Sooner Than Expected

In the first half of 2012, flagging demand caused a relative supply surplus of 3.5 million barrels per day (Figure 1 above). WTI oil prices dropped below $90 but by early 2013, prices returned to the high $90-to-low-$100 per barrel range.

Tight oil boomed after late 2011 when oil prices moved higher than $90. An endless flow of easy money was available to fund spending that always exceeded cash flow. The table below shows full-year 2014 earnings data for representative tight oil E&P companies.

2014TightOilEarnings

Table 1. Full-year 2014 earnings data for representative tight oil exploration and production companies. Dollar amounts in millions of U.S. dollars. FCF=free cash flow; CF=cash flow; CE=capital expenditures. Source: 2014 10-K filings, Google Finance and Labyrinth Consulting Services, Inc.

(click to enlarge image)

These companies out-spent cash flow by 25%, spending $1.25 for every $1.00 earned from operations. Only 3 companies–OXY, EOG and Marathon–had positive free cash flow. Total debt increased from $83.4 to $90.3 billion from 2013 to 2014. Debt must be continually re-financed on increasingly poorer terms because it can never be repaid from cash flow by many of these companies.

The U.S. E&P business has, in effect, become financialized: investment in this class of company has become the sub-prime derivative of the post-Financial Crisis period. There is no performance requirement by investors other than the implicit need to maintain net asset values above debt covenant trigger thresholds.

These terrible financial results reflect a year when average WTI oil prices were more than $93 per barrel. First quarter 2015 earnings will make these results look good.

The immediate cause of the present oil price collapse is found in increasing production and, to a less obvious extent, decreasing demand that began in January 2014 as shown in the chart below. Markets react slowly and it was not until June 2014 that prices began to fall.

WorldLiquidsSupplyDemand

Figure 4. World liquids supply and demand, July 2013-February 2015: Source: EIA and Labyrinth Consulting Services, Inc.

(click to enlarge image)

This was the manifestation of longer-term demand destruction following nearly 3 years of oil prices above $90. The chart below shows the same world liquids data as in Figure 1 but with demand (consumption) expressed as a percentage of supply (production).

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WorldLiquidsConsumption

Figure 5. World liquids demand (consumption) as a percent of supply (production) and WTI crude oil price adjusted using the consumer price index (CPI) to real February 2015 U.S. dollars, 2003-2015. Source: EIA, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Labyrinth Consulting Services, Inc.

(click to enlarge image)

Figure 5 shows that demand as a percent of supply was generally increasing until about September 2007 and has been generally decreasing since then. Especially weak demand since early 2014 is merely the most extreme expression of a trend that has been active for more than 7 years. Related: Energy Stocks May Be A Safe Haven For U.S. Investors

The present oil-price collapse is, therefore, because of long-term high oil-price fatigue. It reached a crescendo in mid-2008 when oil prices exceeded $140 per barrel but was not specifically recognized as more than another of the factors that contributed to the Financial Collapse that followed. It is now clear that oil price was a central cause of that collapse.

The artificial low interest rates that have been imposed by central banks since the Collapse have weakened the U.S. dollar and pushed the price of oil above $90 per barrel for the longest period in history.

The quest for yields in a low interest rate world led investment banks to direct capital to U.S. E&P companies. Capital flowed in unprecedented volumes with no performance expectation other than payment of the coupon attached to that investment. Tight oil boomed despite poor financial performance.

The current oil-price collapse is because of expensive tight and other unconventional oil and the market’s inability to support its cost. $90 per barrel WTI price appears to be the empirical threshold for demand destruction. Only the best parts of core areas of the Bakken and Eagle Ford shale plays make some profit at $90 per barrel and almost nothing makes money at present oil prices.

Low price will eventually cure weak demand. At the same time, the effect of reduced oil and gas spending on the U.S. economy is unclear but a weaker economy could lower demand despite low prices. Allen Brooks and Euan Mearns have explained the case for demand destruction in excellent detail.

The present oil-price collapse is severe because of the accumulated, long-term price fatigue that has existed since late 2007. Although the immediate cause of the collapse is over-production of tight oil, the key to recovery is demand.

Demand is more difficult to cure than over-supply so that is where efforts must be directed. Over-production of non-commercial tight oil must slow and eventually stop before the market can balance itself. I am more optimistic than most that this is already underway but it distresses me to see increased capital flow thus far in 2015 to what Christopher Helman aptly calls “zombie” companies.

The problem is structural and systemic and firmly rooted in the irresponsible funding of under-performing U.S. tight oil companies since at least 2010. The first step to price recovery is the severing of capital supply to companies that could not fund their operations from cash flow when oil prices were more than $90 per barrel. If this does not happen, we could be in for a long period of low oil prices.

*The Brent crude oil pricing system did not exist before 1987.

By Art Berman for Oilprice.com

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Leave a comment
  • Owen Kinnan on April 06 2015 said:
    There is one other factor that I did not read in this article. That of a global economic slowdown. From the US to China to India to the Pacific Rim to Europe, etc. etc. Demand is down. Contrary to what the talking heads and stock and equities salesman posing as experts tell us, there is a global economic slowdown. The worry for central bankers is that it will slip into global recession. Then oil may be in for a long pull back up.
  • Stavros Hadjiyiannis on April 07 2015 said:
    Canadian tar sands production is also at great fault and is equally unsustainable as US shale.
  • Oilman Dan on April 07 2015 said:
    One of the best articles I have read on the glut and collapse. Very interesting charts and facts instead of conjecture. I am still waiting on a significant event or two to turn things around, such as Middle East unrest, global demand upswing or US production decline (may have begun in Texas). I hope that the price can stabilize at $70 benchmark so that the $50/bbl US land operators can make a modest profit while invigorating the economy, but the pessimist in me knows that the price will balloon to $100+ again just as quickly as it dropped.
  • Bud on April 07 2015 said:
    There is some truth to the story of over investment, but a lot of the debt went toward newer plays that didn't work out or are too expensive. Tarring the whole industry is a mistake, since the global price is so reliant on East Asian economics and OPEC pricing and output.

    Us producers should be allowed to export light crude and condensate and Canada should have been dissuaded from strip mining for crude. The market and planet would be better off.

    By the way, cash costs, minus financing in the Hunton are as low as 10 bucks for some operators.
  • Rigarena on April 07 2015 said:
    I really like your articles about oil prices. It's always very interesting to read. Google news normally comes up with the usual reuters, wjs or finantial times 2 sentence shale production nonsense in every single article and that's it.
  • George Gest on April 07 2015 said:
    Art: Another good article but I might be quibbling over a point or two. The easy oil is gone. It may not take $90 or $100/bbl to get it but it won't be $50. You seem to malign deep water but where else will long term supply in good quantity other than the hunt and peck at smaller deals come from? Even the Saudis are on the verge of harvesting source rock in the not too distant future. $70 is what it takes for most deep water projects and much the same for efficient resource plays. Plus $100 oil is probably only sustainable if you use less of it by becoming efficient enough in its use to keep the unit cost of the benefit of burning oil low enough.

    It has been rightly suggested that the cost of energy extraction is beginning to exceed the energy value produced. Yes and there is not yet a solution for that. Batteries are not energy, just a container. Wind, solar, other unconventionals and conservation are not enough to sustain the standards of living we enjoy. We must either develop new sources of sustainable, reliable, affordable, acceptable and sufficient energy to fill the batteries or reduce our standard of living. Until then... oil, gas and coal will have to do the job and I agree with you that it is crippling our economies because it just costs too much.

    If it were not for such a paucity of places to effectively invest money shale would never have been what it became. It is true that the high oil prices were one of the things that set up the crash that allowed cheap money to finance shale. Let's not forget though the easy money and the housing boom. High oil prices in 2008 just hammered home the nails in the coffin.

    We had a pretty healthy oil field in 2010 and 2011. Not burgeoning but certainly good enough. Still, Peak Oil was a hot topic. Macondo was another factor that allowed shale to flourish. It was the only game in town and put a lot of experienced people to work that would have been doing nothing if it were not for shale.

    Where from here? You have suggested, and I agree, that this over production time is short lived. I think we are seeing the down turn already. My cross plot of decline and consumption suggests balance again by fall or even sooner. Storage is really no worse than it was some times in the past and over production is no worse than it was in 2012 though it has been more sustained. I believe you showed, or someone did, that the amount of crude in storage over the 5 year average just about matches the amount of product in storage under the 5 year average. The net of the two isn't much of a storage glut?

    In a short time the world will be behind the eight ball again and consumption will out run supply. Peak oil will be a hot topic again... I give it five years or less. Shale will not come back soon... the money people have been bitten too hard and won't stick their hand in that trap again soon. Shale must be able to cash flow and finance projects and not just payout wells if it is to be sustainable. Where will the money go though? What will keep the economy going and where will the value added proposition be had? We have to produce things.

    More and more profit is being concentrated in the hands of those who produce little or nothing of tangible value and they do it at very, very low cost and employment. Unless they steer that capital into something productive that puts people to work they will just have a pile of money and not customers or they will pay taxes and the customers will get a check from the dole. Just cycling monopoly money. Industry in this country set on the path 35 or 40 years ago to take jobs out of the country. The result is that they have harvested the money of the people who used to do work to make the products so they could earn money and afford to buy the products they made. Not so much anymore.

    We will never run out of hydrocarbons. We will run out of rate or efficiency though. Before we run out, notwithstanding astounding technical breakthroughs, it will take more energy to get the product than the product produces in utility. It is past time to start establishing the new product I think. Thorium is my favorite bridge fuel to something else.
  • Ron on April 08 2015 said:
    I figure it was a move by OPEC to put the shale folks out of business and help
    keep prices higher.
    It's to bad we can't just produce our own and get out of OPEC. Our energy wars are costing our country a lot.
    Make new pickup trucks run on natural gas or diesel.Also make them all register as commercial vehicles. Mandate the use of synthetic oil and oil testing to cut down on oil changes and this would limit oil changes somewhat.
    I also am for Thorium power. I would like to see something like an energy race where people develop Thorium. Our government threw its weight behind fast fusion.It is time for them to push Thorium.
  • Abdullahi Zakaria on April 09 2015 said:
    Thank you so much Mr. Berman,
    Your article is very informative and educative. It is regretable that because of oil import fatigue and quest to migrate from oil consumer to producer some of US investors ventured into unconventional oil/gas production overlooking the challenges of new entrance, competition global economic growth, interest rate, fiscal regimes and so on. When funding of those non-profit yielding US companies is put to a halt there is every likelihood that glut will ease and demand will rebound. Eventually, prices wiii rise.
    Because of huge debt burden and other obligation pressures some companies may have to either be out of business by way of liduidation, reschedule loan payment or enjoy bail-out.
    Abdullahi Zakaria

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