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Euan Mearns

Euan Mearns

"Euan Mearns is a geologist and geochemist. In recent years he was a principal at The Oil Drum, the worlds leading energy blog, until it…

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Scotland’s Wind Dream May Turn Into A Nightmare

I last looked into the details and consequences of Scottish energy policy in the pre-referendum post Scotch on the ROCs. The expansion of Scottish renewables is progressing at breakneck speed and the purpose of this post is to update on where we are and where we are heading whether anyone likes it or not (Figure 1). Objections to wind power normally come from rural dwelling country folks whose lives are impacted by the construction of wind turbine power stations around them. My objections tend to be rooted more in the raison d’être for renewables (CO2 reduction), their cost, grid reliability and gross environmental impact. One issue I want to draw attention to is the vast electricity surplus that Scotland will produce on windy days in the years ahead. That surplus has to be paid for. Where will it go and how will it be used?

ElectricityGenerationScotland

Figure 1 The rapidly changing face of electricity generation in Scotland. Wind power seems destined to grow from virtually nothing in 2010 to 15.8 GW come 2020. Maximum power demand in Scotland is 6 GW (red line).

This post was prompted by a couple of emails in the wake of my recent post on WWF Masters of Spin that brought my attention to two short reports prepared by Professor (emeritus) Jack Ponton that describe how operational and consented wind farms will already take Scotland beyond its 2020 target. The small pdfs can be downloaded here and here and the two key charts are reproduced below.

OperationalConsentedPendingWindFarms

Figure 2 The status of operational, consented and pending wind farms in Scotland as of August 2014.

StatusAsOfOctober2014

Figure 3 The status of operational, consented and pending wind farms in Scotland as of October 2014.

Figure 2 shows how in August 2014 operational and consented wind farms already had the capacity to meet the Scottish Government target of 100% electricity from renewables by 2020. Subsequent to that there has been a new round of wind power stations consented that takes us way beyond the target (Figure 3). So what is there to worry about?
Figure 1 shows the status of Scottish electricity generating capacity in 2010, 2015 and 2020 (it’s reproduced below to ease inspection). There has been an astonishing transformation.

Related: Top Five Possible Energy Surprises For 2015

ScotlandElectricityGeneration

2010

The status in 2010, that doesn’t seem that long ago, shows two nuclear, two coal and one gas fired power station, a suite of hydroelectric power stations and barely any wind turbine power stations. The red line shows approximate peak demand in Scotland of 6 GW and with 8.4 GW despatchable power, Scotland’s electricity needs were safe and secure

2015

By 2015 a major transformation has already taken place. Cockenzie coal fired power station has been closed. But we still have 6752 GW of dispatchable power, comfortably in excess of peak demand but susceptible to a nuclear outage. Peterhead gas now has a standby role with reduced capacity. Part of that power station may also be developed for carbon capture and storage (CCS). But the transformation is the expansion of wind to 7.1 GW, most of which is onshore. Flexible dispatchable power (coal+gas+hydro) totals 4.7 GW. Hence, when the wind blows hard we still have power to switch off and of course we have about 3.3 GW of interconnection with England. In 2010 we had 8.6 GW of generating capacity and today we have 13.9 GW generating capacity, that’s up 62%. The system is still safe and secure and expensive, testified by the fact that my lights are still on.

2020

The 2020 configuration assumes that all the 8.68 GW already consented wind is built (Figure 3). The future of the Longannet coal fired power plant is currently being discussed by its owners and the Scottish Government. Given the massive over capacity that we already have, it seems likely it will close down. This is probably Scotland’s cheapest electricity supply. The two nuclear plants should still be operational. We will still have 4.4 GW of dispatchable power, 1.6 GW below the safe threshold. But 15.8 GW of wind operating above 9% capacity will cover that for most of the time, any shortfalls should be met by importing dispatchable power from England, but that will depend on how the capacity margin in England evolves. The reality will be that 2.07 GW of nuclear power will provide the stable system base load 24 – 7 – 365. When one of these plants is off line for scheduled or unscheduled maintenance we will be more heavily dependent upon imports. Unless of course Longannet coal is kept on permanent standby.
The problem therefore in 2020 is not so much risk of blackouts but what will happen to the vast surplus of power we will produce when the wind blows hard as it has been doing in recent days. In the UK as a whole, peak demand is always around 6 pm on a week day in winter and minimum demand is always at night at the weekend in Summer (Figure 4). The minimum is about 38% of peak, in Scotland, roughly 2.3 GW. Night time summer demand for electricity, therefore, may be almost met by our two nuclear power stations.

UKElectricityDemandPattern

Figure 4 The pattern of UK electricity demand. Peak demand is always during a week day in winter at around 6 pm. Minimum demand is always at night during the weekend in Summer.

At this point we need to remind ourselves about how the renewable merit order and subsidy system works. In short, the producers get paid their elevated guaranteed price regardless of whether or not there is demand for the power. According to Prof. Ponton’s calculation we are on schedule to produce 6.1 TWh annual surplus of wind power [17.7 TWh operational+25 TWh consented -36.6 TWh total annual demand =6.1 TWh wind surplus]. To this needs to be added approximately 16 TWh of nuclear and hydro giving us a total annual surplus of 22 TWh. How is this surplus going to be used?

Exports

Plans are progressing to increase the interconnector capacity to England to 6 GW which is an interesting number since this is the same as Scotland’s peak demand. Part of “The Plan” is evidently for Scotland to export its surpluses. The snag is that when the wind blows hard it is often blowing hard in England and Europe too. At those times spot power prices are rock bottom and there is high chance that neighbouring countries will be gagging on surplus wind power at the same time. When the wind blows hard Scotland may be producing a 10 GW surplus that has nowhere to go.

Storage

The Scottish Government often talks fondly of the hydrogen economy where surplus renewable electricity may be used to make hydrogen, normally by the electrolysis of water. The trouble with this, which is conveniently ignored, is that in making the hydrogen about 30% of the renewable energy input is lost, with a further 30% lost on energy recovery when the hydrogen is combusted or used in a fuel cell (estimates vary according to whether or not waste heat is recovered and used). Very quickly, 50% of the expensive subsidized and paid for wind power is lost. This is a short cut to bankrupting the country.

Related: The Cost Of Energy Storage

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Pumped hydro storage is a more feasible and scalable option and the Coire Glas scheme that has been approved but is awaiting a final investment decision presents an ideal case study. In my post The Coire Glas pumped storage scheme – a massive but puny beast, I drew attention to how impotent Coire Glas would be in providing backup power to the UK. Let’s skin the cat another way at the Scottish scale.
Coire Glas will have storage capacity of 30 GWh. How many times would it have to be filled and emptied to store the 22 TWh surplus that Scotland is shaping up to produce?

22 TWh annual surplus / 30 GWh storage capacity = 733 cycles

With 50 hours generating capacity it is going to take about 1 week at optimum conditions to fill and then empty this massive beast. And so we are talking roughly 14 of these beasts (733 cycles / 52 weeks = 14.1 Coire Glas schemes required) to cope with the annual Scottish electricity surplus. This may sound feasible, but Coire Glas alone creates hydrology problems on the Lochs on the Great Glen that will act as the lower pumping reservoir. It is simply doubtful that Scotland will have 14 sites on the scale of Coire Glas that can each be filled and emptied 52 times each year without totally wrecking the hydrology of the lochs and river systems that are involved. If there is a concrete plan that shows how wind can be stored and delivered via pumped hydro storage then I’d like to see it.

Heat

Another option for consuming this surplus is to reconfigure the nation’s heating requirements away from natural gas to electric heating. Norway for example uses cheap hydroelectric power as its main source of domestic and industrial heat. It’s just a pity that wind is currently one of the most expensive forms of electrical power that we have. Overproduction of expensive energy is quite simply a bad idea.

Conclusions

  • In 2010 Scotland had a self-contained reliable diversified electricity supply system that created a dispatchable surplus that was exported to England.
  • Come 2020 the Scottish system will be dominated by non-dispatchable wind power.
  • When the wind does not blow Scotland will become an energy parasite dependent upon imports of dispatchable power from England, assuming that England has that dispatchable capacity to spare.
  • When the wind blows hard, Scotland will generate a vast wind power surplus that will have low / no value and that no one will want / be able to use. The only way to make this plan remotely sensible is to deploy large scale pumped hydro storage. A detailed feasible plan for which, as far as I am aware, is lacking.
  • The uncontrolled expansion of wind power that has effectively already caused a glut of non-dispatchable renewable electricity must surely undermine future development and deployment of marine renewables, some of which may have made more sense than wind.
  • If you are objecting to wind turbine power stations being erected on your hill or glen, you should make clear in your objection that the wind power being generated is surplus to Scotland’s requirement. Some of it may be used at home, some of it will be exported and much of it may simply be wasted. It seems likely that Scotland’s beautiful landscape is being wrecked in pursuit of an ideological, empty dream.

By Euan Mearns

Source - http://euanmearns.com/ 

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  • Paul O'Brien on January 13 2015 said:
    Interesting idea about energy surplus being a bad thing. Maybe we should stop pumping North Sea oil once we had enough to meet Scotland's demand?

    But that does not make economic sense and neither does Euan's short sighted arguments. What about plans to link the Scottish grid to Norway's pumped storage? Would that not answer his issues with exporting our surplus and peak power? We would be able to call on dispatchable power, renewable power at that, from Norway as part of the deal.
  • Brad Clark on January 13 2015 said:
    References to wind energy as "expensive" are short-sighted. The essential point for wind power, or any other renewable energy technology, is that the "fuel" is free.

    Fossil fuel power plants can never escape the cost of fuel. Coal, gas, petroleum, or nuclear, it ultimately doesn't matter. You must buy the chemical or nuclear energy that is then converted into electricity.

    But renewable energy technology, like any other technology, shows a steady decline in the cost of production. That means the cost of converting free wind, or free sunlight, or free ocean currents, or free raindrops, must steadily decline over time. Energy storage technologies are showing a similar decline.

    Renewable energy technology will continue to displace fossil energy technology. It is not a question on if, only a question of when.
  • Thorsten Brandt on January 14 2015 said:
    The article ist to a certain extent misleading imho.

    The two mentioned nuclear power plants will be shut down between 2020 an 2025 - so the only plant that remains is the combined combustion cycle plant in Peterhead. This is quite fine as these plants work well in conjunction with wind farms based on gradients and full load hours to be viable.
    Furtheron onshore wind is not the most expensive form of power generation - it's much cheaper with regard to COE than combined combustion cycle plants for instance. The danes and the germans prove btw. that it is viable for them to use surplus energy from wind in boilers for water heating - when one compares prices for gas and wind then this starts to make sense ...
    And when I compare win to new-build nuclear plants than one has just to take a look at the conditions that edf is aksing for hinkley point c in order to get it crystal clear that onshore wind is outperforming this form of energy production easily.
    When we look at offshore wind this is right now still different as this technology is still in its infancy - when the 8-10mw turbines are from 2020 on in serial production this might be different.

    Scotland (with its very good wind conditions) is absolutely correct to push windpower and hydro storage systems whereever possible. With regard to the storage systems I would like to add, that there a 600mw hydro storage sytem is not a beast/monster - it's quite small indeed with respect to other systems for instance in Germany/Austria/Sitzerland - if you would increase it one magnitudeof order - than it would be in the upper class of these systems - but then one or two of these systems would - according to your calculations - be sufficient for the needs that you define.

    Lastly I would like to add that battery storage is getting down to 100usd/kwh - and from 2020 on you will see many cars with battery systems that will have 10-100kwh of capacity - if these are charged in a controlled manner - what is absolutely mandatory because of the sheer size when you think about millions of cars -then there will be another "natural" storage system in the "environment".
  • Gregory on January 14 2015 said:
    When you attach Hydrogen production and storage facilities to all of these wind turbines you then suddenly get an entire country running clean efficient Hydrogen cars and all this excess energy will attract new business essential and enterprise to the country. There is no way that ex essential energy can be considered a waste. It will get used once the capacity is there.
  • Anteaus on January 29 2015 said:
    The article seems to me to cover most of the salient points. The key difference between having 6GW of unwanted nuclear or gasfired power and 6GW of unwanted wind power lies not in the technology itself but in the punitive fed-in tariff arrangements for renewables, dictated to us by the EU.

    The conventional sources receive 'constraint payments' for producing unwanted energy, but only where the Grid operators have misjudged demand and asked them to spin-up plant unnecessarily. The wind installations OTOH get paid for every watt-hour they produce, wanted or not, and paid for it at a premium rate, at that. The windfarm operators cannot be told to 'spin down' because demand is low, at least not without compensation being paid. This situation removes the normal market forces which determine whether a project is financially viable or not, and leads to a proliferation of wind infrastructure beyond that which the energy market can realistically support.

    This is rather like the situation which used to prevail in Soviet Russia, where factories were paid to turn out cameras, stereos or whatever at fixed per-unit rates, regardless of whether or not there was a market for the goods. The result was a massive surplus, which had to be sold off to the West at lossmaking prices.

    The answer is to remove the unrealistic constraint payments for unwanted renewable energy, and let market forces determine what is a viable deployment level.
  • bobby Bazalgette on March 12 2015 said:
    At first, reading this article, I was puzzled why anyone would think having a surplus of renewable power in Scotland would be seen as a problem. With Britain in the grip of a government who think 10 % of renewables is "enough already", to get anywhere near the targets we have set ourselves for carbon reduction, we will need to buy as much of that surplus as we can.
    Then I looked up Euan Mearns, the author, and see that he makes his money from the oil industry.
    Of course, I understand that the market for energy is controlled by government policy, and is also affected by oil prices, which may cause problems for investors. Producing over 100 % of Scottish electricity from renewables should be celebrated, it certainly gives the lie to those who said it couldn't be done.

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